Network Working Group F. Templin
Internet-Draft S. Russert
Intended status: Informational S. Yi
Expires: December 31, 2007 Boeing Phantom Works
June 29, 2007
MANET Autoconfiguration
draft-templin-autoconf-dhcp-08.txt
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Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).
Abstract
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) connect routers on links with
asymmetric reachability characteristics, and may also connect to
other networks including the Internet. Routers in MANETs must have a
way to automatically provision global- and/or local-scope IP
addresses/prefixes. This document specifies mechanisms for MANET
autoconfiguration. Both IPv4 and IPv6 are discussed.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. MANET Autoconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. MANET Router (MNR) Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.1. MANET Local Address (MLA) Configuration . . . . . . . 7
3.1.2. MNBR List Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.3. Virtual Ethernet Interface Configuration . . . . . . . 8
3.1.4. MNBR Reachability Confirmation . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.5. Global-scope Address Autoconfiguration . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.6. Local-scope Address Autoconfiguration . . . . . . . . 10
3.1.7. Self-Generated IPv6 Interface Identifiers . . . . . . 11
3.1.8. Packet Forwarding and Default MNBR Selection . . . . . 11
3.2. MANET Border Router (MNBR) Operation . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3. DHCP Server Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4. MLA Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.5. MANET Flooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.6. Changes to the Neighbor Discovery Model . . . . . . . . . 13
4. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6. Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Appendix A. IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) and Duplicate
Address Detection (DAD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Appendix B. IPv6 StateLess Address AutoConfiguration (SLAAC) . . 17
Appendix C. Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 20
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1. Introduction
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) connect MANET Routers (MNRs) on links
with asymmetric reachability characteristics (see: [RFC2461], Section
2.2). MNRs participate in a routing protocol over MANET interfaces
to discover routes across the MANET using multiple forwarding hops if
necessary. MANETs may also connect to other networks including the
Internet via MANET Border Routers (MNBRs), and MNRs may be multiple
hops away from their nearest MNBR in some scenarios. A MANET may be
as large as an Autonomous System (AS) or as small as a single MNR
(and its attached networks). A MANET may contain other MANETs, and
may also be a subnetwork of a larger MANET. MNRs must have a means
to automatically provision global- and/or local-scope IP addresses/
prefixes plus other configuration information.
Conceptually, a MNR embodies a router entity that connects its
attached networks to MANETs and/or other networks including the
Internet (see: Figure 1). The router entity also connects to an
imaginary shared link via a "virtual ethernet" interface configured
over its MANET interfaces (see: Figure 2 and Figure 3). An "opaque"
view of this virtual ethernet sees the MANET as a fully-connected
shared link that connects all MNRs, while a "transparent" view sees
the MANET as a multilink site. For each distinct MANET to which they
connect, MNRs discover a list of MNBRs that determines the MANET's
identity. An MNR (and its attached networks) is a "site" unto
itself, and a MANET is therefore a "site-of-sites".
MANETs that comprise homogeneous link types can configure the routing
protocol to operate as a sub-IP layer mechanism such that IP sees the
MANET as an ordinary shared link the same as for a (bridged) campus
LAN. In that case, a single IP hop is sufficient to traverse the
MANET.
MANETs that comprise heterogeneous link types must instead (or, in
addition) provide a routing service that operates as an IP layer
mechanism to accommodate media types with dissimilar Layer-2 address
formats and maximum transmission units (MTUs). In that case,
multiple IP hops may be necessary to traverse the MANET.
This document specifies mechanisms and operational practices for
MANET autoconfiguration. Operation using standard DHCP
[RFC2131][RFC3315][RFC3633] and neighbor discovery
[RFC1256][RFC2461][RFC2462] mechanisms is assumed unless otherwise
specified. Both IPv4 [RFC0791] and IPv6 [RFC2460] are discussed.
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2. Terminology
The terminology in [I-D.ietf-autoconf-manetarch] and the normative
references apply; the following terms are defined within the scope of
this document:
subnetwork
the same as defined in [RFC3819].
egress/ingress interface
the same as defined in ([RFC3753], Section 3).
MANET Interface
a MANET Router's attachment to an asymmetric reachability link
(see: [RFC2461], Section 2.2). A MANET interface is a "lateral"
interface, i.e., it is inherently neither an ingress nor egress
interface although it can sometimes exhibit characteristics of
both.
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET)
a connected network region of MANET routers that maintain a
routing structure among themselves over MANET interfaces. A MANET
may be as large as an Autonomous System (AS) or as small as a
single MANET router, and may also be a subnetwork of a larger
MANET. A MANET router (and its attached networks) is a "site"
unto itself, and a MANET is therefore a "site-of-sites". (Note
that this document considers the terms "MANET" and "site" as
functional equivalents.)
Further information on the characteristics of MANETs can be found
in [RFC2501].
MANET Router (MNR)
a node that participates in a routing protocol on its MANET
interface(s) and forwards packets on behalf of both other MNRs and
"downstream" networks attached on its ingress interfaces. A MNR
can also connect to "upstream" networks either directly on its
egress interfaces or indirectly via MNBRs. For the purpose of
this specification, an MNR comprises a router entity, one or more
host entities, and its attached ingress/egress/MANET interfaces
(see: Figure 1).
MANET Border Router (MNBR)
an MNR that connects a MANET to "upstream" networks (including the
Internet) over egress interfaces.
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MANET Local Address (MLA)
an IP unicast address configured by an MNR that is unique within
the MANET; it is used as an identifier for operating the routing
protocol and may also be assigned to a MANET interface as a
locator for packet forwarding within the scope of the MANET.
virtual ethernet
an imaginary shared link that connects all MNRs in a MANET. MNRs
attach to the virtual ethernet via an interface that is configured
over underlying MANET interface(s) and presents both opaque and
transparent "portals" (see: Figure 2 and Figure 3).
The opaque portal encapsulates each IP packet in an outer IP
header then sends it on an underlying MANET interface such that
the TTL/HOP Limit in the inner IP header is not decremented as the
packet traverses the MANET, i.e., the opaque portal views the
MANET as a unified shared link.
The transparent portal sends each IP packet on an underlying MANET
interface without further encapsulation such that the TTL/Hop
Limit may be decremented as the packet traverses the MANET, i.e.,
the transparent portal views the MANET as a multilink site.
Extended Neighbor Discovery (END) message
an IP Neighbor Discovery (ND) message [RFC1256] [RFC2461]
transmitted on the transparent portal of the MNR's virtual
ethernet interface with an MLA of the underlying MANET interface
as a source address and with destination address set to an MLA or
a site-scoped multicast address. The TTL/Hop Limit in END
messages may be decremented as the message traverses the MANET.
The following figure depicts the architectural model for a MANET
router:
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Egress Interfaces (to Internet)
^ ^ ^
| | |
+------------------------+---+--------+----------+
| Internal hosts | | | | M
| an routers | | .... | | A
| ,-. | +---+---+--------+---+ | N
| (H1 )---+ | | | E
| | `-' | | +------+--< T
| . | +---+ | | | |
| . +--|R1 |---+-----+ | | I
| . | +---+ | | Router +------+--< n
| | ,-. | | | . | t
| (H2 )---+ | Entity | . | e
| `-' | . | | . | r
| . | | . | f
| ,-. . | +------+--< a
| (Hn )---------+ | | c
| `-' +---+---+--------+---+ | e
| Ingress Interfaces | | .... | | s
| (to internal networks) | | | |
+------------------------+---+--------+----------+
| | |
v v v
Ingress Interfaces (to external networks)
Figure 1: MANET Router
3. MANET Autoconfiguration
3.1. MANET Router (MNR) Operation
The following sections specify autoconfiguration mechanisms and/or
operational practices used by MNRs to support egress interfaces that
connect "upstream" (i.e., toward fixed Internet infrastructure),
ingress interfaces that connect "downstream" to internal and external
networks (i.e., away from fixed Internet infrastructure), and MANET
interfaces that connect the MNR "laterally" to other MNRs. Egress
interfaces have addresses assigned or validated by other devices,
ingress interface addresses are controlled by the MNR, and MANET
interface addresses are coordinated with other MNRs. MNRs engage in
the routing protocol on MANET interfaces, configure virtual ethernet
interfaces, and obtain global- and/or local-scope addresses/prefixes
using these mechanisms and practices.
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3.1.1. MANET Local Address (MLA) Configuration
Upon joining a MANET, each MNR first configures an MLA used for
operating the routing protocol and/or for local communications within
the MANET.
IPv6 MLAs can be administratively assigned, dynamically configured
using DHCP[RFC3315], autoconfigured using IPv6 StateLess Address
AutoConfiguration (SLAAC) [RFC2462], or self-generated using IPv6
Unique Local Addresses (ULAs) [RFC4193][I-D.ietf-ipv6-ula-central].
The MLAs include interface identifiers that are either managed for
uniqueness (see: [RFC4291], Appendix A) or self-generated using a
suitable pseudo-random interface identifier generation mechanism
(e.g., Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGAs) [RFC3972], IPv6
privacy addresses [I-D.ietf-ipv6-privacy-addrs-v2], etc.).
IPv4 MLAs can be administratively assigned, dynamically configured
using DHCP [RFC2131] or self-generated using an unspecified IPv4
unique local address configuration mechanism. (Such a mechanism
could be considered as a site-scoped equivalent to IPv4 link-local
addresses [RFC3927].)
When there is no administratively assigned MLA, the choice of
attempting to dynamically configure an MLA using DHCP or self-
generate one using some other mechanism is up to the MNR. DHCP-
generated MLAs have the benefit of a "managed" avoidance of address
collisions, while self-generated MLAs must be monitored for
collisions with other nodes that might assign a duplicate. Note also
that DHCP service for MLA configuration may not be available in all
MANETs.
DHCP configuration of MLAs for both IPv4 and IPv6 requires relay
support from other MNRs that have already been autoconfigured within
the MANET. In particular, since a MNR presumably has no usable site-
scoped addresses before configuring an MLA, it must send its DHCP
requests to a link-scoped broadcast/multicast address and await a
(relayed) address delegation reply from a server. This means that
all MNRs should be prepared to act as DHCP relays on behalf of
neighboring MNRs that have recently joining the MANET, and relay any
link-scoped DHCP requests to either a site-scoped "All-DHCP-Servers"
address or to one or more unicast addresses.
3.1.2. MNBR List Discovery
After configuring MLAs, the MNR next engages in the routing
protocol(s) over its MANET interfaces and discovers the list of MNBRs
on the MANET. The list of MNBRs is discovered the same as for the
ISATAP Potential Router List (PRL) initialization procedure
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([RFC4214], Section 8.3.2); it also serves as an identifier for the
MANET. (If the list of MNBRs is NULL, an alternate token such as the
Layer-2 address of an ordinary MNR can serve as an identifier for the
MANET.)
3.1.3. Virtual Ethernet Interface Configuration
The MNR configures a virtual ethernet interface that connects all
MNRs in the MANET over the underlying MANET interfaces.
The opaque portal of the virtual ethernet interface configures a
link-local address that is assured to be unique among the virtual
interfaces of all MNRs in the MANET (e.g., an ISATAP link-local
address configured per ([RFC4214], Section 6.2) and derived from a
MANET interface's IPv4 MLA). IP packets sent via the opaque portal
are encapsulated in an outer IP header then submitted to ip_output()
for transmission on an underlying MANET interface.
The transparent portal of the virtual ethernet interface configures
no addresses itself, but rather provides IP with direct access to the
underlying MANET interfaces and their associated addresses. IP
packets sent via the transparent portal are transmitted
unencapsulated on an underlying MANET interface, but may include an
IPv4 source routing header (likewise IPv6 routing header) or a
subnetwork-specific encapsulation.
Figure 2 depicts the protocol stack model for the virtual ethernet
output routine, and Figure 3 depicts the corresponding model for the
virtual ethernet input routine:
+--------------------------------------------------+ |
| ip_output() | |
+--------------------------------------------------+ |
| virtual_ethernet_output() | |
| |
| _ transparent portal _ ___ opaque portal _____ | p
|/ \ / \| a
| - MANET intf already | - select MANET intf | c
| selected by ULP | - encapsulate in IP | k
| - insert routing hdr | - send to MANET intf | e
| (if necessary) | via ip_output() | t
| - send directly to +-------------------------+ s
| MANET intf | ip_output() |
+--------------+---------+----+-...-+--------------+ |
| MANET Intf 0 | MANET Intf 1 | ... | MANET Intf n | |
| (MLA 0) | (MLA 1) | ... | (MLA n) | |
+--------------+--------------+-...-+--------------+ v
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Figure 2: virtual_ethernet_output()
+--------------------------------------------------+ ^
| ip_input() | |
+--------------------------------------------------+ |
| virtual_ethernet_input() |
| | p
| _ transparent portal _ ___ opaque portal ____ | a
|/ \ / \| c
| - submit to ip_input() | - decapsulate packet | k
| | - submit to ip_input() | e
| +-------------------------+ t
| | ip_input() | s
+--------------+---------+----+-...-+--------------+
| MANET Intf 0 | MANET Intf 1 | ... | MANET Intf n | |
| (MLA 0) | (MLA 1) | ... | (MLA n) | |
+--------------+--------------+-...-+--------------+ |
Figure 3: virtual_ethernet_input()
3.1.4. MNBR Reachability Confirmation
After the MNR configures a virtual ethernet interface, it can confirm
reachability of MNBRs and (in the case of IPv6) discover prefixes
associated with the MANET's virtual ethernet. (It can also discover
IPv6 prefixes through a MANET-specific out-of-band service discovery
protocol.) The MNR can confirm reachability by sending/receiving END
messages over the transparent portal, by sending/receiving ordinary
ND messages over the opaque portal, via reachability information
conveyed in the routing protocol itself, or through some other means
associated with the particular MANET subnetwork technology.
The MNR can then configure global- or local-scope addresses as
specified in the following sections:
3.1.5. Global-scope Address Autoconfiguration
After the MNR discovers MNBRs, it can configure global-scope
addresses/prefixes that are topologically correct for the MANET
according to either DHCP or IPv6 Stateless Address AutoConfiguration
(SLAAC) (but see Appendix B for further considerations on SLAAC).
When DHCP is used, a DHCP client associated with (one of) the MNR's
host entity(s) forwards a DHCP DISCOVER (DHCPv4) or Solicit (DHCPv6)
request to a DHCP relay associated with its router entity to request
IP address and/or prefix delegations. (In other words, the MNR acts
as both DHCP client and relay.) The relay function then forwards the
request to one or more MNBRs, to other known DHCP servers, or to a
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site-scoped "All-DHCP-Servers" multicast address.
For DHCPv6, the MNR's relay function writes an address from the
appropriate virtual ethernet interface portal in the "peer-address"
field and also writes an address from the prefix associated with the
virtual ethernet in the "link-address" field (if a prefix is
available). The MNR can also use DHCP prefix delegation [RFC3633] to
obtain global-scope prefixes for assignment and/or further sub-
delegation on networks connected on its ingress interfaces.
For DHCPv4, the MNR's relay function writes an address from the
appropriate virtual ethernet interface portal in the 'giaddr' field
and also includes the address in a DHCPv4 MLA option (see:
Section 3.4). If necessary to identify the MNR's ingress interface,
the relay also includes a link selection sub-option [RFC3527] with an
address from the prefix associated with the MANET's virtual ethernet
(if a prefix is available). The MNR can also use a prefix delegation
mechanism [I-D.ietf-dhc-subnet-alloc] to obtain prefixes for further
assignment and/or further sub-delegation on networks connected on its
ingress interfaces.
The DHCP request will elicit a DHCP reply from a server with IP
address/prefix delegations. When addresses are delegated, the MNR
assigns the resulting addresses to an ingress interface, i.e., it
does *not* assign the addresses on the virtual ethernet interface or
an underlying MANET interface. When prefixes are delegated, the MNR
can assign and/or further sub-delegate them to networks connected on
its ingress interfaces. If the MANET subnetwork uses a proactive
routing protocol, the MNR can advertise the delegated addresses/
prefixes into the routing protocol during the duration of the
delegation lifetimes.
The DHCP server ensures IP address/prefix delegations that are unique
within the MANET. By assigning these IP addresses/prefixes only on
ingress interfaces there is no requirement for the MNR to perform
Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) over its MANET interfaces or
virtual ethernet interface. See Appendix A for further DAD
considerations.
3.1.6. Local-scope Address Autoconfiguration
Independent of any global-scope addresses autoconfigured per
Section 3.1.5, MNR's can self-generate IPv6 Unique Local Address
(ULA) prefixes [RFC4193][I-D.ietf-ipv6-ula-central] and use them to
assign addresses/prefixes on networks connected on its ingress
interfaces. Note that in some scenarios a MNR may not require any
global-scope address/prefix assignments at all, and can use ULAs
instead. (This is particularly true for the use case of joining two
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MANETs via either physical or virtual links.)
Self-generated local-scope addresses are portable and not relative to
the MNR's current MANET of attachment. The addresses can therefore
travel with the MNR as it moves to new MANETs. Self-generation of
local-scope addresses can therefore occur independently of any other
MNR autoconfiguration considerations.
3.1.7. Self-Generated IPv6 Interface Identifiers
MNR's can create self-generated IPv6 interface identifiers such as
specified for CGAs [RFC3972], IPv6 privacy address
[I-D.ietf-ipv6-privacy-addrs-v2], etc.
For global-scope address autoconfiguration (see: Section 3.1.5, the
MNR can propose self-generated address to the DHCPv6 server which
will delegate the address to the MNR for assignment on an ingress
interface if the proposed address is unique.
For local-scope address autoconfiguration (see: Section 3.1.6), the
MNR simply assigns the address to an ingress interface, since it is
the responsible delegation authority for its own local-scope
prefixes.
3.1.8. Packet Forwarding and Default MNBR Selection
After the MNR configures IP addresses/prefixes, it can forward IP
packets to on- and off-MANET destinations. Packets can be forwarded
to off-MANET destinations either by using any available MNBRs as
egress gateways or by selecting specific MNBRs.
For MANETs in which MNBRs can advertise a 'default' route that
propagates throughout the routing protocol, the MNR can forward IP
packets using the transparent virtual ethernet interface portal at
the expense of extra TTL (IPv4) or Hop Limit (IPv6) decrementation.
For MANETs in which the routing protocol cannot propagate a default
route, or when the MNR wishes to select a specific MNBR as the egress
gateway, the MNR can ensure that the packets will be forwarded
through a specific MNBR by either 1) forwarding the packets via the
opaque portal with an MLA for an MNBR as the destination address in
the outer IP header, or 2) forwarding the packets via the transparent
portal and inserting an IPv4 source routing header (likewise IPv6
routing header) or a subnetwork-specific encapsulation.
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3.2. MANET Border Router (MNBR) Operation
MNBRs connect the MANET to upstream networks over its egress
interfaces.
MNBRs send/receive END messages on the virtual ethernet transparent
portal and/or ordinary ND messages on the opaque portal. When
stateful configuration is desired, MNBRs should advertise prefixes in
RA messages as not to be used for on-link determination or StateLess
Address AutoConfiguration (SLAAC) [RFC2462] by setting the 'A', 'L'
bits in Prefix Information Options to 0. (But, see: Appendix B for
further considerations on using SLAAC for MANET Autoconfiguration.)
MNBRs act as DHCP relays and/or servers for a MNR's DHCP requests/
replies. For DHCPv4, when a MNBR acting as a relay forwards a DHCP
request that includes an MLA option, it writes its own address in the
'giaddr' field, i.e., it overwrites the value that was written into
'giaddr' by the MNR's relay function.
3.3. DHCP Server Extensions
No MANET autoconfiguration-specific extensions are required for
DHCPv6 servers.
DHCPv4 servers examine DHCPv4 requests for a DHCPv4 MLA option (see:
Section 3.4). If a DHCPv4 MLA option is present, the DHCPv4 server
copies the option into the corresponding DHCPv4 reply message(s).
Note that this extension is only required for DHCPv4 servers that
support global IPv4 address/prefix delegations for MNRs - see:
Section 3.1.5.
3.4. MLA Encapsulation
For DHCPv6, the MLA is encoded directly in the "peer-address" field
of DHCPv6 requests/replies.
For DHCPv4 delegation of global IPv4 addresses/prefixes, a new DHCPv4
option [RFC2132] called the 'MLA option' is required to encode an MLA
for DHCP transactions that will traverse a MNBR, i.e., so that the
MNBR has a MANET-relevant address to direct DHCPv4 replies to the
correct MNR, which may be multiple IP hops away. The format of the
DHCPv4 MLA option is given below:
Code Len Ether Type MLA
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
| TBD | n | type | a1 | a2 | ...
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
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Code
a one-octet field that identifies the option type (see:
Section 4).
Len
a one-octet field that encodes the remaining option length.
Ether Type
a type value from the IANA "ethernet-numbers" registry.
MLA
a variable-length MANET Local Address (MLA).
3.5. MANET Flooding
When multicast service discovery is required, MANETs that operate
routing as an IP layer service must use a multicast flooding
mechanism (e.g., Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF)
[I-D.ietf-manet-smf]) so that site-scoped multicast messages will be
propagated across the MANET.
3.6. Changes to the Neighbor Discovery Model
Ordinary link-scoped ND messages work as-normal over the virtual
ethernet opaque portal, so ND operation over the opaque portal
requires no changes to the standard IP neighbor discovery protocols
specified in [RFC1256][RFC2461].
END messages over the virtual ethernet transparent portal must use a
site-scoped unicast source address (i.e., an MLA) and an MLA or site-
scoped multicast destination address such that the messages may be
forwarded by a router and have their TTL/Hop Limit decremented on the
path. This means that END messages provide a site-scoped (and not
link-scoped) discovery service which represents a departure from the
link-scoped services specified in [RFC1256][RFC2461].
4. IANA Considerations
A new DHCPv4 option code is requested for the DHCPv4 MLA Option in
the IANA "bootp-dhcp-parameters" registry (TBD, based on use case
analysis for global IPv4 address configuration per Section 3.1).
5. Security Considerations
Threats relating to MANET routing protocols also apply to this
document.
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6. Related Work
Telcordia has proposed DHCP-related solutions for the CECOM MOSAIC
program. The Naval Research Lab (NRL) Information Technology
Division uses DHCP in their MANET research testbeds. The virtual
ethernet model was proposed by Quang Nguyen under the guidance of Dr.
Lixia Zhang. Various IETF AUTOCONF working group proposals have
suggested similar mechanisms.
7. Acknowledgements
The following individuals gave direct and/or indirect input that was
essential to the work: Jari Arkko, Emmanuel Bacelli, James Bound,
Thomas Clausen, Joe Macker, Thomas Henderson, Bob Hinden, Thomas
Narten, Alexandru Petrescu, Jinmei Tatuya, Dave Thaler, and others in
the IETF AUTOCONF and MANET working groups. Many others have
provided guidance over the course of many years.
8. Contributors
Ian Chakeres (ian.chakeres@gmail.com) contributed to earlier versions
of this document.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC0791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
September 1981.
[RFC1256] Deering, S., "ICMP Router Discovery Messages", RFC 1256,
September 1991.
[RFC2131] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol",
RFC 2131, March 1997.
[RFC2132] Alexander, S. and R. Droms, "DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor
Extensions", RFC 2132, March 1997.
[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[RFC2461] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., and W. Simpson, "Neighbor
Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 2461,
December 1998.
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[RFC2462] Thomson, S. and T. Narten, "IPv6 Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration", RFC 2462, December 1998.
[RFC3315] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C.,
and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.
[RFC3633] Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
December 2003.
[RFC4214] Templin, F., Gleeson, T., Talwar, M., and D. Thaler,
"Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol
(ISATAP)", RFC 4214, October 2005.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.
9.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-autoconf-manetarch]
Chakeres, I., "Mobile Ad hoc Network Architecture",
draft-ietf-autoconf-manetarch-03 (work in progress),
June 2007.
[I-D.ietf-dhc-subnet-alloc]
Johnson, R., "Subnet Allocation Option",
draft-ietf-dhc-subnet-alloc-05 (work in progress),
June 2007.
[I-D.ietf-ipv6-privacy-addrs-v2]
Narten, T., "Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration in IPv6",
draft-ietf-ipv6-privacy-addrs-v2-05 (work in progress),
October 2006.
[I-D.ietf-ipv6-ula-central]
Hinden, R., "Centrally Assigned Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", draft-ietf-ipv6-ula-central-02 (work in
progress), June 2007.
[I-D.ietf-manet-smf]
Macker, J., "Simplified Multicast Forwarding for MANET",
draft-ietf-manet-smf-05 (work in progress), June 2007.
[RFC2501] Corson, M. and J. Macker, "Mobile Ad hoc Networking
(MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and
Evaluation Considerations", RFC 2501, January 1999.
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[RFC3527] Kinnear, K., Stapp, M., Johnson, R., and J. Kumarasamy,
"Link Selection sub-option for the Relay Agent Information
Option for DHCPv4", RFC 3527, April 2003.
[RFC3753] Manner, J. and M. Kojo, "Mobility Related Terminology",
RFC 3753, June 2004.
[RFC3819] Karn, P., Bormann, C., Fairhurst, G., Grossman, D.,
Ludwig, R., Mahdavi, J., Montenegro, G., Touch, J., and L.
Wood, "Advice for Internet Subnetwork Designers", BCP 89,
RFC 3819, July 2004.
[RFC3927] Cheshire, S., Aboba, B., and E. Guttman, "Dynamic
Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses", RFC 3927,
May 2005.
[RFC3972] Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)",
RFC 3972, March 2005.
[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.
Appendix A. IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) and Duplicate Address
Detection (DAD)
In terms of ND, existing standards [RFC2461][RFC4291] require that a
node configure a link-local address on each of its IPv6-enabled
interfaces, but the primary requirement for link-locals seems to be
for the purpose of uniquely identifying routers on the link. It is
therefore for further study as to whether MNRs should send RAs on
MANET interfaces (or even configure link local addresses on MANET
interfaces at all), since the transparent view of the MANET appears
as a multilink peering point between distinct sites and not a unified
link.
In terms of DAD, pre-service DAD for an MLA assigned on a MANET
interface (such as specified in [RFC2462]) would require either
flooding the entire MANET or somehow discovering a link in the MANET
on which a node that configures a duplicate address is attached and
performing a localized DAD exchange on that link. But, the control
message overhead for such a MANET-wide DAD would be substantial and
prone to false-negatives due to packet loss and node mobility. An
alternative to pre-service DAD is to autoconfigure pseudo-random MLAs
on MANET interfaces and employ a passive in-service DAD (e.g., one
that monitors routing protocol messages for duplicate assignments).
Pseudo-random link-local addresses can be generated with mechanisms
such as CGAs, IPv6 privacy addresses, etc. with very small
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probability of collision. But, IPv6 ULAs also provide an additional
40 pseudo-random bits in the IPv6 address prefix.
Statistical properties for pseudo-random address self-generation can
assure uniqueness for the MLAs assigned on a MNR's MANET interfaces,
and careful operational practices can assure uniqueness for global-
and local-scope addresses/prefixes. However, a passive in-service
DAD mechanism should still be used to detect duplicates that were
assigned through other means, e.g., manual configuration.
Appendix B. IPv6 StateLess Address AutoConfiguration (SLAAC)
For IPv6, the use of StateLess Address AutoConfiguration (SLAAC)
[RFC2462] could be indicated by prefix information options in END
and/or ordinary ND messages with the 'A' bit set to 1. MNRs that
receive such messages could then self-generate an address from the
prefix and assign it to the MANET's virtual ethernet interface, then
use a passive in-service DAD approach to detect duplicates within the
MANET. But, if the MANET partitions, DAD might not be able to
monitor the other partitions and address duplication could result.
Further study on DAD implications for SLAAC in MANETs is required.
Appendix C. Change Log
Changes from -07 to -08:
o changed terms "unenhanced" and "enhanced" to "transparent" and
"opaque".
o revised MANET Router diagram.
o introduced RFC3753 terminology for Mobile Router; ingress/egress
interface.
o changed abbreviations to "MNR" and "MNBR".
o added text on ULAs and ULA-Cs to "Self-Generated Addresses".
o rearranged Section 3.1.
o various minor text cleanups
Changes from -06 to -07:
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o added MANET Router diagram.
o added new references
o various minor text cleanups
Changed from -05 to -06:
o Changed terms "raw" and "cooked" to "unenhanced" and "enhanced".
o minor changes to preserve generality
Changed from -04 to -05:
o introduced conceptual "virtual ethernet" model.
o support "raw" and "cooked" modes as equivalent access methods on
the virutal ethernet.
Changed from -03 to -04:
o introduced conceptual "imaginary shared link" as a representation
for a MANET.
o discussion of autonomous system and site abstractions for MANETs
o discussion of autoconfiguration of CGAs
o new appendix on IPv6 StateLess Address AutoConfiguration
Changes from -02 to -03:
o updated terminology based on RFC2461 "asymmetric reachability"
link type; IETF67 MANET Autoconf wg discussions.
o added new appendix on IPv6 Neighbor Discovery and Duplicate
Address Detection
o relaxed DHCP server deployment considerations allow DHCP servers
within the MANET itself
Changes from -01 to -02:
o minor updates for consistency with recent developments
Changes from -00 to -01:
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o new text on DHCPv6 prefix delegation and multilink subnet
considerations.
o various editorial changes
Authors' Addresses
Fred L. Templin
Boeing Phantom Works
P.O. Box 3707 MC 7L-49
Seattle, WA 98124
USA
Email: fred.l.templin@boeing.com
Steven W. Russert
Boeing Phantom Works
P.O. Box 3707 MC 7L-49
Seattle, WA 98124
USA
Email: steven.w.russert@boeing.com
Seung Yi
Boeing Phantom Works
P.O. Box 3707 MC 7L-49
Seattle, WA 98124
USA
Email: seung.yi@boeing.com
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